The Environmental Impact of Slash and Burn Agriculture

Slash and burn agriculture—also known as swidden or shifting agriculture—is a traditional method of tending domesticated crops that involves the rotation of several plots of land in a planting cycle. The farmer plants crops in a field for one or two seasons  and then lets the field lie fallow for several seasons. In the meantime, the farmer shifts to a field that has lain fallow for several years  and removes the vegetation by cutting it down and burning it—hence the name slash and burn. The ash from the burned vegetation adds another layer of nutrients to the soil, and that, along with the time resting, allows the soil to regenerate. The Best Conditions for Slash and Burn Agriculture Slash and burn agriculture  works best in low-intensity  farming situations when the farmer has plenty of land that he or she can afford to let lay fallow, and it works best when crops are rotated to assist in restoring the nutrients. It has also been documented in societies where people maintain a very broad diversity of food generation; that is, where people also hunt game, fish, and gather wild foods. Environmental Effects of Slash and Burn Since the 1970s or so, swidden agriculture has been described as both a bad practice, resulting in the progressive destruction of natural forests, and an excellent practice, as a refined method of forest preservation and guardianship. A recent study conducted on historical swidden agriculture in Indonesia (Henley 2011) documented the historical attitudes of scholars towards slash and burn and then tested the assumptions based on more than a century of slash and burn agriculture. Henley discovered that the reality is that swidden agriculture can add to deforestation of regions  if the maturing age of the removed trees is much longer than the fallow period used by the swidden agriculturalists. For example, if a swidden rotation is between 5 and 8 years, and the rainforest trees have a 200-700 year cultivation cycle, then slash and burn represents one of what may be several elements resulting in deforestation. Slash and burn is a useful technique in some environments, but not in all. A  special issue of Human Ecology  suggests that the creation of global markets is pushing farmers to replace their swidden plots with permanent fields. Alternatively, when farmers have access to off-farm income, swidden agriculture is maintained as a complement to food security (see Vliet et al. for a summary). Sources Blakeslee DJ. 1993. Modeling the abandonment of the Central Plains: Radiocarbon dates and the origin of the Initial Coalescent. Memoir 27, Plains Anthropologist 38(145):199-214. Drucker P, and Fox JW. 1982. Swidden didn make all that midden: The search for ancient Mayan agronomies. Journal of Anthropological Research 38(2):179-183. Emanuelsson M, and Segerstrom U. 2002. Medieval slash-and-burn cultivation: Strategic or adapted land use in the Swedish mining district? Environment and History 8:173-196. Grave P, and Kealhofer L. 1999. Assessing bioturbation in archaeological sediments using soil morphology and phytolith analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 26:1239-1248. Henley D. 2011. Swidden Farming as an Agent of Environmental Change: Ecological Myth and Historical Reality in Indonesia. Environment and History 17:525-554. Leach HM. 1999. Intensification in the Pacific: A critique of the archaeological criteria and their applications. Current Anthropology 40(3):311-339. Mertz, Ole. Swidden Change in Southeast Asia: Understanding Causes and Consequences. Human Ecology, Christine Padoch, Jefferson Fox, et al., Vol. 37, No. 3, JSTOR, June 2009. Nakai, Shinsuke. Analysis of Pig Consumption by Smallholders in a Hillside Swidden Agriculture Society of Northern Thailand. Human Ecology 37, ResearchGate, August 2009. Reyes-Garcà ­a, Victoria. Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Crop Diversity in Swidden Fields: A Study in a Native Amazonian Society. Vincent Vadez, Neus Martà ­ Sanz, Human Ecology 36, ResearchGate, August 2008. Scarry CM. 2008. Crop Husbandry Practices in North America’s Eastern Woodlands. In: Reitz EJ, Scudder SJ, and Scarry CM, editors. Case Studies in Environmental Archaeology: Springer New York. p 391-404.

Role of Women in the Odyssey - 1201 Words

The Role of Women in The Odyssey The Odyssey, by Homer, is an epic poem based on the story of an ancient Greek hero, Odysseus, and his twenty year journey—ten years spent fighting in the Trojan War and the other ten spent traveling home. In the poem, Homer presents the theme of the role and nature of women. Men were the dominant gender in ancient Greece, and women, who were inferior, were only valued for their beauty and their ability to reproduce. However, in this poem, Homer both exemplifies and defies those standards by presenting certain female characters with qualities that show the various stereotypes in ancient Greek society. Through several of the female characters, Homer portrays women in three different ways. The first type of†¦show more content†¦In contrast to all of these women, the most significant type of woman in ancient Greek society that is portrayed in the poem is the good, intelligent and faithful woman. Among the mortal women in the poem, a few wh o represent this type of woman are Queen Arete, Nausicaa, and Penelope. Queen Arete and Nausicaa are very helpful to Odysseus when he arrives to their land. Nausicaa finds him and guides him to find his way to Queen Arete and King Alcinous. Once he finds his way there, Queen Arete is very hospitable, and she helps him find his way home to Ithaca. Penelope, however, is the most significant female character in The Odyssey. Through her actions, she proves to be a very wise and clever woman. She continuously stays faithful to her husband for twenty years of his absence. Over the whole period of Odysseus’ absence, she leads the suitors on by devising plans to keep them there, continues to receive gifts, and gains wealth while she waits for her husband’s return. Even after his return, she is wise enough to be cautious and test him to be sure that he is really her husband. After this all occurs, she becomes famous for her wisdom, intelligence, and cleverness. When Agamemnon i s speaking to one of the suitors in the Land of the Dead, he says, â€Å"what a fine, faithful wife [Odysseus] won! What good sense resided in [his] Penelope—†¦The fame of her great virtue will never die. The immortal gods will lift a song for all mankind, a glorious song inShow MoreRelatedThe Odyssey : The Role Of Women In Homers Odyssey966 Words   |  4 Pagesinteractions. The Odyssey portrays what is right or wrong in relationships between god and mortal, father and son, and man and woman. In the epic poem, the role of women is a vital demonstration of Ancient Greece. The women in the epic are unique in their personality, motives, and relationships towards men. In Homers, The Odyssey, all women are different, but all of them help to represent the role of the ideal woman. Homers epic describes the world of women in Ancient Greece, a time where women were seenRead More The Role of Women in the Odyssey Essay1212 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of Women in The Odyssey Homer wrote the classic epic The Odyssey more than 2,500 years ago. At that time in ancient Greek society, as well as in the whole of the ancient world, the dominant role was played by men. Society was organized, directed, and controlled by men, and it was accepted that women occupied a subservient and inferior position. Women, of course, were valued, but were expected to possess certain traits and perform certain tasks that men demanded of them. Does Homers writingRead MoreEssay On The Role Of Women In The Odyssey739 Words   |  3 PagesImagine living at a time in which women were only seen as second-class or lesser beings. The Odyssey, by Homer, is an epic poem based on the story of an ancient Greek hero known as Odysseus. The Story follows his twenty-year journey, ten spent fighting the war, and the other ten spent getting home. Throughout the Poem, Homer presents the roles and nature of women. In The Odyssey, Greek society is controlled by men, while women face an entrenched so cietal expectation to be subservient and loyal withoutRead MoreCultural Role of Women in the Odyssey1025 Words   |  5 Pages   The cultural role of women in the Odyssey In Homer’s Odyssey the cultural relevance of a preferred woman’s role in society generally stands out in the roles of the female characters of Athena and Penelope simultaneously rejecting the negatively viewed characteristics of Calypso and Circe. The entire structure of Ancient Greek culture boasts its men in more superior roles than that of women. Greek society was largely built upon an idea that good women were only around to faithfully serve andRead MoreRole of Women in the Odyssey Essay1582 Words   |  7 Pagesmasculine point of view† (Ibsen). This saying also applied to the times of the Odyssey, an epic constructed by the blind, eight century B.C.E. poet, Homer. As one of the few representatives of ancient Greek social order, the blind, Homer witnessed women as substandard to men, regardless of their actions; many of them existed as seductresses, prostitutes, or slaves. He engraved into his poem women’s role s; the roles of women, as mothers, wives, seductresses, and goddesses are exemplified in this epicRead MoreThe Role Of Women In Homers Odyssey1165 Words   |  5 Pages The Role of Women In The Odyssey In literature, are women used as important roles or only used as love interests and for their beauty? This question has been around for a long time and there is still no clear answer. One literary example is the women characters in Homer’s The Odyssey- the ancient Greek epic of Odysseus and his journey home to Ithaka. When on his journey, Odysseus meets many women who are ultimately used as alluring characters to distract Odysseus on his journey home. ThroughoutRead More The Role of Women in Homers The Odyssey Essay695 Words   |  3 PagesThe Role of Women in Homers The Odyssey Women form an important part of the folk epic, written by Homer, The Odyssey. Within the story there are three basic types of women: the goddess, the seductress, and the good hostess/wife. Each role adds a different element and is essential to the telling of the story. The role of the goddess is one of a supernatural being, but more importantly one in a position to pity and help mortals. Athena, the goddess of wisdom,Read MoreRole of Women in the Odyssey Essay examples810 Words   |  4 PagesNatasha Castillo October 3, 2012 Role of Women in â€Å"The Odyssey† â€Å"The Odyssey† by Homer is an epic poem about Odysseus’ return to his wife and son in Ithica after the Trojan War. Women play an exceptionally large role in this epic poem. Odysseus’s son, Telemachus attempts to gain authority in the presence of the suitors but it is difficult. Especially once he goes on his own journey under the guidance of Athena. Throughout the epic poem however, the women play their roles as mothers, servants, seductressesRead More The Role of Men and Women in Homers The Odyssey 1173 Words   |  5 PagesWho is the ideal Greek man? It can be argued that through the illustration Homer weaves throughout the Odyssey, Odysseuss character traits cast a lens as a prime example of a man in ancient Greek society. He appears to be brave, intelligent, well-spoken, and clever. Much of his knowledge is discovered by his travels, absorbing the local culture around him and using it as a guide. Aristocratic and a warrior. Perhaps the best warrior of al l time. It is the Iliad which presents these attributes initiallyRead MoreThe Demeaning Role Of Women In Homers The Odyssey1280 Words   |  6 PagesThe Odyssey is one of two poems written by Homer describing the drama of the Trojan War, more specifically, the catastrophic journey of the hero Odysseus back home. Throughout the tales, female characters exhibit the many and diverse roles of Greek women, and also their significance in a world dominated by immortal beings.   Like countless others, the goddess Calypso’s beauty and elegance could be the cause of circumstances both good and evil. Calypso is remembered most for keeping Odysseus as a prisoner

Biography of Erik Estrada (Frank Essay Example For Students

Biography of Erik Estrada (Frank Essay Poncherello) Erik was born on March 16, 1949 as Henry Enrique Estrada in NY City. Back around 1968, he was in a dance troupe and earned $38 a week with free lunches and all the acting lessons he could take. In return, he had to perform daily in downtown Los Angeles. He had a 10-day hospital stay in August 1979 caused by on-set accident when he was thrown from his motorcycle and the 900-pound bike landed on him. At 510, 160 pounds, he was an inch shorter and 15 pounds lighter than Wilcox. But his physical fitness routine helped him rebound from his injury: 240 situps and 120 push ups on a daily basis. He is going through custody disputes about his two boys and he has a steady girl. Erik was voted as one of The 10 Sexiest Bachelors in the World in People Magazine on November 19, 1979. The cover features Erik towering above the other men (Willie Ames included) at the top of the page, cutting into the People sign, with nothing but a big smile and a towel lying across his shoulder. The ma gazine says, For all his raw physical appearance, Estrada regards himself as gentle, kind and considerate. He buys his dates jewelry and treats them to champagne and sushi evenings. But Estrada has grown cunning. In the past, women Ive dated always decided to be actresses. I was just a means to an end for them. So what does he really look for in a woman? The actor flashes a huge smile. TA Erik lives out in the San Fernando Valley. Hes up in the hills behind the Burbank airport and south of Universal Studios. His house is way at the top of this hill and its easy to spot. He did an interview on the Mexican Channel from some show called CONTROL and it shows you where Erik lives and the inside of his house. He has two CHiPs motorcycles (sans the engines) sitting in the middle of the house and old magazines with his picture on the cover (TV Guide, People) plastered all over the walls. He has really unusual wall paper (stripes ; polka dots) and a bunch of trinkets sitting around. He has a ll sorts of little gumball machines and slot machines sprinkled throughout his residence. The house wasnt too big, seemed like your average 4-5 bedroom track home actually. Starring Roles: Where is Parsifal? (?) The Repentant (?) Silver Circle (?) Vengeance of Little Saigon (?) Will You Run With Me? (?) The Ballad of Billie Blue (1971) The Cross and the Switchblade (1972) as Nicky The New Centurions (1972) Airport 1975 (1974) as Julio Trackdown (1976) as Chucho Midway (1976) (aka The Battle of Midway) Fire! (TV-1977) Frank CHiPs (TV-1977-83) Officer Frank Ponch Poncherello The Line (1980) The Lost Idol (1980) Jailbreakin (1980) Shock Troop (1980) The Bronx, Fort Apache (1981) Honeyboy (TV-1982) Lightblast (1985) Hour of the Assassin (1987) The Dirty Dozen: The Fatal Mission (TV-1988) as Carmine DAgostino She Knows Too Much (TV-1989) as Jimmy Alvarez Alien Seed (1989) Andy and the Airwave Rangers (1989) Twisted Justice (1990) as Commander Gage Spirits (1990) A Show of Force (1990) as Machado Night of the Wilding (1990) as Joseph Guns (1990) Caged Fury (1990) The Last Riders (1991) as Johnny Extralarge: Cannonball (TV-1991) as Gonzales Earth Angel (TV-1991) as Duke Do or Die (1991) aka Girls, Games and Guns as Richard Estaban The Divine Enforcer (1991) Dos Mujeres, Un Camino (Two Women, One Road) (Mexican Univision Network 1993-94) National Lampoons Loaded Weapon 1 (1993) as Erik with Larry Wilcox Angel Eyes (1993) as Johnny The Final Goal (1994) American Adventurer (TV-1996) Host Fight Zone (Pay-Per-View 7/5/1996) Host Visions (Completed) Guest Appearances: Hawaii-Five-0 (TV-1973) Engaged to Be Buried Owen Marshall, Counseler At Law (TV-1973) Once A Lion Kolchak, The Night Stalker (TV-1975) Legacy of Terror Medical Center (TV-1975) The High Cost of Winning Police Woman (TV-1975) Dont Feed the Pigeons The Love Boat (TV-1978) Going By the Book The Six Million Dollar Man (TV-19) The Deadly Test The Mike Douglas Show (TV-1980) Women Who Rate A 10 (TV-1981) Alfred H itchcock Presents (TV-1988) A Taco Bell commercial (TV-19) Excuse me maamdo you have a license for that taco? Cybil (CBS-1995) The Nanny (NBC-1994 or 95) as himself Burkes Law (TV-1994 or 95) Music City Tonight (TV-1995) as himselfsitting next to Robert Conrad Psychic Revival Network (TV-199?) Hunter City of Passion (TV-199?) Mysteries Magic and Miracles (Sci-Fi-1996) High Society (CBS-1996) Alice Doesnt Pump Here Anymore as Pedro the Doorman Late Night with Conan OBrien (NBC-5/1/97) guest Home Boys in Outer Space (UPN-5/6/97) Good Morning America (ABC-5/7/97) guest The Carol Marilyn Show (TV-5/7/97) guest Politically Incorrect (ABC-5/12/97) guest Viva Variety (Comedy Central-5/13/97) as his mother Talk Soup (E!-5/23/97) guest The Rosie ODonnell Show (TV-5/27(28?)/97) guest The Daily Show (Comedy Central-1997) guest Charles Grodin (CNBC-1997) guest Geraldo (TV-1997) guest Published Works: Erik Estrada: My Road from Harlem to Hollywood; Â ©1997 Transcripts: Read a transcript of Eri ks 4/30/97 chat on AOL Read a transcript of Eriks 5/2/97 chat on MSN Although Erik does not have a public e-mail address, you can contact him at the address he supplied in the AOL chat: Erik Estrada 11288 Ventura Blvd. Studio City, CA 91604 .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 , .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 .postImageUrl , .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 , .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36:hover , .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36:visited , .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36:active { border:0!important; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36:active , .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: All Things Are Subject to Love: Pride Versus Love Essay

Statistical Sampling and Risk Analysis Function †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Statistical Sampling and Risk Analysis Function. Answer: Introduction: Audit is an independent examination of the books of accounts of an entity conducted by the auditors with the view to express an opinion on the financial statements whether they are prepared on an unbiased and true basis and whether they can be relied upon to take the critical and significant business and financial statements. It gives reasonable assurance to the users of the financial statements, both internal and external, including government, shareholders, banks, financial institutions, creditors, etc. to help them take decision on their investments. The regulation on audit on the entities has increased over time by ACCA and other regulatory bodies. There has been many guidances being issued by the IFRS committee for recording the transaction and maintenance of the books which needs to be verified by the auditors while conducting the audit of the entity. The requirements of audit do not end here and audited report is required in the stock exchanges in which the companys shares are listed. To conduct an audit, the auditor 1st needs to understand the business and it environment, the industry in which it is operating, the government regulation, other economic and political factor, if any, affecting the business and several other micro and macro economic factors to give a proper audit report. Auditors also need to validate and comment upon the estimates and management judgements being taken upon in preparation of the accounts such that they are viable(Raiborn, Butler Martin 2016). They also need to check on the materiality, going concern assumption and whether or not the basic concept of consistency has been followed or not. With all this objectives in mind, the auditor audits the books of accounts using substantive and analytical audit procedures. Substantive audit procedures include vouching of the incomes and expenses recorded in the books falling above the materiality level for whether they actually exist or not, whether they have been completely recorded, reconciling the same from the supporting evidences in the form of vouchers, bills, invoices, etc. Substantive procedures are usually given effect to using inspection of records, observation of processes and procedures being followed, taking external confirmations from the parties dealing with the business or company like debtors, creditors, banks, etc., verifying the related party transactions, etc. They also check the arithmetical accuracy in some cases to check whether this has been taken care of or not. Besides all this, a check is also made on the assets and liabilities recorded in the books for their actual existence and reporting to check substance over form(Knechel Salterio 2016). Once all this is given effect to and still the auditor is not able to express his / her opinion, then he/she resorts to the analytical audit procedures, which include ratio analysis of certain specific ratios, comparison of the actual from the budgeted and expected figures, trend analysis with respect to the industry and the past period, etc. Before further steps, the auditor generally checks on the level of internal control being maintained in the entity before making further audit plan and determining the nature, extent of checking and time of audit procedures to be undertaken. If the internal control is strong, it implies less risk, and therefore less of routine checking can be done on the other hand, if the internal control itself is weak, the risk of material misstatements rises and in such a case the auditor needs to increase the extent of checking(Jones 2017). In the given case, a printing press is to be audited and the new auditor is taking over from the old one. Besides this, as per the records, the company has had several accounting changes having huge bearing on the results like changes in the depreciation policy, a loan being taken with some conditions, the management being changed at the top level and the new IT system being introduced without any proper checking and back up. All these financial and non-financial data asks for an audit, which can justify the accounts prepared and point out the material misstatements, if any to the management. For this, a detailed ratio analysis has been shown below from the perspective of debt management, liquidity, asset management and profitability. Furthermore, industry ratios are missing and hence the same has been ignored in workings(Grenier 2017). Risk assessment and analysis is an important part of auditing. It is important for the auditor to apply all kinds of procedures to identify all the probable risk factors. There are generally three types of risk associated with an audit, inherent risk, control risk and detection risk. Inherent risk occurs when things are not in the hands of the management even after applying all the possible control measures. Control risk occurs when the management fail to ascertain proper control level in the organisation and detection risk occurs in situation where the auditor fails on his part to detect the major risks and errors(Fay Negangard 2017). The main implication of the same is that it is the duty of the auditor to make sure that proper judgement is established on his part. In case of DIPL, there are two cases of inherent risk and the same has been explained here under First case is where the management is considering changing the methods of valuation and adopting new procedures that are deviation from the normal routine matters. In these cases, it becomes difficult for the auditor to ascertain the proper trail of work. The CEO of the company wants to change the method of calculation of depreciation by taking the life of asset to be twenty years, whereas as per the industry standards the life must be thirty years. Therefore, this is a deviation from the normal procedures and the company has taken no research before applying them. The second case is the installation of the new It system without proper research, oat may be possible that it leads to overvaluation of the accounts. The new system has been installed without any reconciliation; any research, and in case it fails it might affect the overall profitability of the company. Thus, it is important for the auditor of the company, to make sure that the management is providing proper disclosure for any kind of changes they are incorporating(Sonu, Ahn Choi 2017).The results after implementation must also be monitored so that any case of misevaluation may be ascertained. This in these areas there are no proper control by the management and thus leads to inherent risk on part of the company The management should provide the auditor with all the proper details that might be needed. The auditor must do its own research before commenting on the validation of the new IT system. It is important that expert opinion must be taken before such changes are made. Strong control measures should also be incorporated, so that risk is reduced. These are the few ways by which risk can be identified and mitigated(Bae 2017). Fraud occurs when the management or the employee of the company indulges in certain activities for their own personal gains that are harmful for the working of the organisation. It occurs when the internal controls are not strong which gives the employees to do such activities. Often the management might be the culprit, the auditor should not rely on what the management portrays and should apply his own research techniques before reaching a conclusion In case of DIPL, and there are two cases where we see that fraud risk factor is present. First case is in the non-segregation of important work, which gives the employees a chance to easily defalcate the money. In case of DIPL, a single person has been given the responsibility to manage the accounts and reconcile the same. This shows that the management of the company is lacking proper internal control measures. The auditor should make sure that the work is properly segregated between the employees, proper authority must be established and in any case the employees indulges in any kind of fraud they must be penalised. The second case of fraud is the installation of the new It system by the management. The management has undertaken the same in allot of haste. It has not applied any research before doing the same. There are high chances that personal motives of the magemnt might be involved in the same. In this case, we see that before installation of the system no reconciliation of the cost and the result was done, it may be possible that the new system fails. This will a ffect the overall profitability of the company. In all cases the management should make sure that, the accounts are not under or overvalued. In any case, the auditor finds that there are certain fraud risk factors involved, the auditor can question the management and then can modify the audit report. . Expert opinion of the outsiders must be taken in case of the same. Thus, it is important that the auditor must see that proper records must be checked in relation to the new system .The main job here is to make sure that the books of account shows the true state of affairs and any kind of fraud risk factors must be identified and must be eliminated. In these few ways, the auditor can help I identification and mitigation of the overall fraud risk factors that might be associated with the company. It is the duty of the auditor and the management to make sure that suppose visits and timely checking of the accounts are done to keep a check on the sincerity of the employees. In addition, t he management must establish proper controls. All these will help in mitigation of the major fraud risk factors in the company and support the auditor in conducting his audit properly(DeZoort Harrison 2016). References Bae, SH 2017, 'The Association Between Corporate Tax Avoidance And Audit Efforts: Evidence From Korea', Journal of Applied Business Research, vol 33, no. 1, pp. 153-172. DeZoort, FT Harrison, PD 2016, 'Understanding Auditors sense of Responsibility for detecting fraud within organization', Journal of Business Ethics, pp. 1-18. Fay, R Negangard, EM 2017, 'Manual journal entry testing : Data analytics and the risk of fraud', Journal of Accounting Education, vol 38, pp. 37-49. Grenier, J 2017, 'Encouraging Professional Skepticism in the Industry Specialization Era', Journal of Business Ethics, vol 142, no. 2, pp. 241-256. Jones, P 2017, Statistical Sampling and Risk Analysis in Auditing, Routledge, NY. Knechel, WB Salterio, SE 2016, Auditing:Assurance and Risk, 4th edn, Routledge, New York. Raiborn, C, Butler, JB Martin, K 2016, 'The internal audit function: A prerequisite for Good Governance', Journal of Corporate Accounting and Finance, vol 28, no. 2, pp. 10-21. Sonu, CH, Ahn, H Choi, A 2017, 'Audit fee pressure and audit risk: evidence from the financial crisis of 2008', Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting Economics , vol 24, no. 1-2, pp. 127-144.

To what extent did the text promote socialism

Socialism is a form of governance in which political and economic ideologies rest on the concept that the society as a whore should have the responsibility to regulate production, distribution as well as exchange. This means that the power over these activities is not vested over individuals or bodies but rests on the entire society. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent did the text promote socialism? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is contrary to capitalism in which the economic processes of production, distribution and the final exchange of commodities are controlled by individuals or business entities for the sake of making profits. A review of the text The Jungle has some elements of the two systems. This question thus seeks to establish the grounds on which the text promotes socialism as opposed to capitalism. The capitalist economic system, being controlled by individuals or even entities t hat are profit oriented, is characterized by the problem of consumers being at risk of exploitations by the players in the economy. The entities in their bids to maximize on their profits will for instance be driven by the need to minimize on their expenditures in the entire production and delivery process while at the same time maximize on their revenues. Socialists condemn the capitalist system on the ground that the capitalists are not actively involved in the economy but on the contrary exploit workers and consumers for their economic gains (Blacksacademy 1). The negative effects of the capitalist form of government are identified to be one of the themes that the writer of the book dwelt on. A variety of expressions as expressed in the book are basically geared towards offering a criticism of the capitalist system that was associated with a lot of ill on the people. The writer was particular on issues that portrayed the system as â€Å"inhuman, destructive, unjust, brutal, an d violent† towards workers (Sparknotes 1). The level of greed that is realized on the side of the capitalist is even manifested in the manner in which production processes are undertaken under unhealthy conditions because the capitalists owes no responsibility to either their workers or even consumers of their products.   The writer then brings in the concept of socialism to as a perfect solution to the problems that people were facing under capitalism. Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The final presentation of socialism as a way out thus indicates the author’s motive to promote socialism. He put the two systems on either side of the extremes. While he viewed capitalism as a harm and a form of evil to the people, he unveiled socialism as a perfect solution for the problems that people were facing (Sparknotes 1). The extensive criticism of the capitalist system by the wri ter is evident in a grater potion of the book through quotes that were directly aimed at attacking the ills of the capitalist system. It majorly exposed the sufferings that people went through in the hands of the capitalists. The quote â€Å"and for this, at the end of the week, he will carry home three dollars to his family, being his pay at the rate of five cents per hour- just about his proper share of the million and three quarters of children who are now engaged in earning their living in the united states† (Sinclair 68) was for instance an illustration of low pays that forced parents to send their minor children to work. The quote is about a young kid who was forced to look for work in order to earn for a living. The tough economic condition that faced the people in this particular case forced a parent to seek a priest in altering the kid’s age on documents so that he could appear older and obtain a job. It was the hard economic situation posed by the capitali sts that pressed parents so hard to an extent that they had to use their kids for extra earnings (Sinclair 68). Another Quote, â€Å"here was a population, low class, mostly foreign, hanging always on the verge of starvation† also expressed the oppressive conditions that the people lived in (Sinclair 100). The system is again relayed as irresponsible and does not offer sufficient salaries to its workers. The low wages together with lack of job opportunities thus forced people to keep up with poor conditions. The quote, â€Å"they were beaten, they had lost the game, they were swept aside† as expressed by the writer in relation to the economic hardship that people went through also illustrate the ill nature of the capitalist system that subjected people to suffering (Sinclair 129).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent did the text promote socialism? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The t ext is thus a basic critique of the negative side of capitalism and offers socialism as an alternative to the suffering that capitalism has subjected people into. It is thus in full support of socialism as a way to save the people (Sinclair 100). The plight of immigrants as illustrated in the text Immigrants refer to people who move from their original country into another country with the main aim of acquiring permanent residence in their new country. Hard economic situations in native countries or regions play an important role in immigration of individuals to other countries that are perceived to have better conditions (Brainy 1). Immigration also formed a center of focus of the writer through the book. The people who are considered under the book were a group of individuals who moved into the country from Lithuania. The immigrants were driven by the notion that they would be able to get a better life in terms of employment conditions and wages and by the dream of having a happy life that they could not afford in their native country. The immigrants can also be said to have been driven by the overall perception of America that is viewed as a land of justice in which people are justly rewarded for their efforts in work. Contrary to their expectations, the immigrants arrive in the United States to find an extreme level of exploitation in workplaces. The immigrants came face to face with the fact that the land was full of â€Å"moral corruption, crime, and graft enabled one to succeed materially† (Sparknotes 1). The evil of capitalism which are exposed in the text with respect to the treatment of workers who represents immigrants reveals to a great extent the plight of the immigrants as per the text. The living condition that the individuals were subjected to was actually short of what the immigrants had expected in America. The quote, â€Å"here is a population, low class and mostly foreign† directly shows the way in which the immigrants liv ed (Sinclair 100). Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The author’s representation of the level of suffering that was characterized by economic strain forcing people to the extent of starving gives an illustration of what the immigrants went through. According to the presentation, the immigrants were subjected to conditions that were not sufficient to sustain their well being. Even though some jobs were available, there was the issue of low wages that was hardly enough to sustain the workers. Butterly and Sherpherd defined starvation as the state in which an individual lives on insufficient food for the body. Such experience has impact on health especial if an individual is to at the same time work (Butterly and Sherpherd 30). Apart from the poor living condition that the immigrants were forced to adopt due to economic factors, they were also subjected to harsh working conditions. As Sinclair explained it, the immigrants had no choice about their work environment. He for instance argued that the immigrants were compelled do such works. The phrase â€Å"it was stupefying, brutalizing; it left her no time to think, no strength for anything† (Sinclair 129) also explains the plight of the immigrants (Sinclair 129). They were thus overworked by their employers and at the same time subjected to degrading jobs all at wages that were just but peanut. The workers pay was at the discretion of the capitalist employers who were utterly oppressive. This was before legislations such as the â€Å"fair labor standards act† were enacted to protect workers (Jobs 1). The lives of the immigrants was also described through the phrase that â€Å"they would stir beneath the burden that lay upon them† (Sinclair 129), an indication that the immigrants were neglected by the government to their own suffering (Sinclair 129). Why the text was influential in changing the practices at the meat packing industry The publication of the ‘Jungle’ formed a basis for changes in the meat industry. This sectio n establishes the significance of the book to the changes. The author, in attempt to reveal the nature of the industries made a lot of illustrations. Expressions such as â€Å"a man could run his hands over these piles of meat and sweep off handful of dried dung of rats† for example relayed the filthy state of the industries (Sinclair 128). The lack of concern to correct such hazards was also expressed by the fact that â€Å"the man who did the shoveling did not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw one† (Sinclair 128). The poor hygiene in the industries was also reflected in the fact that workers had no place for cleaning their hands prior to meals and were washing their hands â€Å"in the water that was to be ladled into the sausage† (Sinclair 128). These exposed the conditions to the public leading to outcry. It is actually reported that the book is what led to legislations that were enacted in the year 1906 such as the food and drug act. It therefore directly influenced the changes that were felt in the meat industry (FSDI 1). The book drove socialists to rise for changes in the industry following its publication (Students 1). List of important quotes from the text Though the whole book is geared towards revealing the suffering that the people went through and the fact that their hope lied in socialism, there are some quotes that outstandingly expressed the writer’s point of view. The following phrases systematically reveal the opinion of the author: â€Å"But no, their bells were not ringing for him-their Christmas was not meant for him, they were simply not counting him at all. He was of no consequence –he was flung aside, like a bit of trash, the carcass of some animal† (Sinclair 154) â€Å"They had dreamed of freedom; of a chance to look about them and learn something; to be decent and clean, to see their child grow up to be strong. And it was al gone—it would never be! (Sinclair 129) â€Å"Why could they find no better way to punish him than to leave three weak women and six helpless children to starve and freeze? That was their law that was their justice! (Sinclair 154) here was a population, low class, mostly foreign, hanging always on the verge of starvation† (Sinclair 100) â€Å"Connor, the boss of the loading gang! The man who had seduced his wife-who had sent him to prison, and wrecked his home, ruined his life! He stood there, staring, with the light shining full upon him.† (Sinclair 277) All the above quotes reveal suffering directed to some group of people. The quotes significantly make a direct contribution to the theme of the book that revealed the capitalist system as a harsh and inappropriate one against the dream of America. Such extracts offers the basis of the author’s main presentation. Works Cited Blacksacademy. Durkheim’s account of socialism. Blacksacademy, n.d. Web. http://www.blacksacademy.net/content/2997.html Brainy. De finition of immigration. Brainy Quote, 2011. Web. http://www.brainyquote.com/words/im/immigration176257.html Butterly, John and Sherpherd, Jack. Hunger: The Biology and Politics of Starvation. Lebanon, NH: UPNE. Print. Jobs. Workers’ rights- wages and hours. State University, 2011. Web. http://jobs.stateuniversity.com/pages/60/Workers-Rights-WAGES-HOURS.html Sinclair, Upton. The jungle. Charleston, SC : Forgotten Books, 1935. Print. Bookrags. The jungle study guide. Bookrags, 2011. Web. http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-thejungle/themes.html Sparknotes. The jungle. Spark Notes, 2011. Web. June 2011. http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/jungle/themes.html FSDI. Agency history. FSIS, 2007. Web. http://www.fsis.usda.gov/about/Agency_History/index.asp Students. Report: the jungle. Sabrinma, 2007. Web. http://students.xcp.org/sabrina/fourframe.html This essay on To what extent did the text promote socialism? was written and submitted by user Jefferson Mueller to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Getting Up Early for School

Getting Up Early In the early 1940’s the Long Branch School District voted to consolidate with the Carthage Independent School District. The Carthage school system has always provided bus tramsportation to the studnets in the rural areas of the county. One problem of this serivce was that the kids who lived a greater distance from the schools had to get up awfully early to catch the bus. Our school bus picked us up at 6:30 a.m. and we did not get to school until 8:00. We some of the first ones on and almost the last ones off the bus arriving back at the house at 4:15 p.m. We had to â€Å"ride the route† and that made for a lot of opportunities for us to misbehave. When we got home from school we were always starving. Mother usually had something leftover breakfast or dinner for us to eat. In the country, we ate breakfast, dinner and supper. I still have to think when someone invites to dinner. I lived in the country too long.... Free Essays on Getting Up Early for School Free Essays on Getting Up Early for School Getting Up Early In the early 1940’s the Long Branch School District voted to consolidate with the Carthage Independent School District. The Carthage school system has always provided bus tramsportation to the studnets in the rural areas of the county. One problem of this serivce was that the kids who lived a greater distance from the schools had to get up awfully early to catch the bus. Our school bus picked us up at 6:30 a.m. and we did not get to school until 8:00. We some of the first ones on and almost the last ones off the bus arriving back at the house at 4:15 p.m. We had to â€Å"ride the route† and that made for a lot of opportunities for us to misbehave. When we got home from school we were always starving. Mother usually had something leftover breakfast or dinner for us to eat. In the country, we ate breakfast, dinner and supper. I still have to think when someone invites to dinner. I lived in the country too long....

Transcription and language creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Transcription and language creativity - Essay Example Not with ((confused)) exactly with wooden clog, unless it is got a veneer (.) ((laughs)) (xxx) is carefully covered wooden clog that can be a problem ((laughs)) Host: Just the first answer we had ((laughs)) so (.) no answers really from the scientists until Brian came up with clogs ((laughs)) which was unexpecting first Answer today //((laughs)). //I don’t know I don’t where (xxxxx) I don’t know what to say. Host: Oh! Come on lets carry on with the clogs. Host: An easy launch pad,[ a way to go ((laughs)) (.)Anyway back to the science table]. Introduction Conversation has different features that need to be analyzed in order to give a critical account of a piece of conversation. Conversations are mostly spontaneous; the speaker and listener develop their conversation according to the situation, atmosphere, topic and personal relationship that both the listener and speaker share. Conversation is done through language; the use of language however differs from person to person and the type of language used between two persons is a function of the nature of the relationship that exists between them e.g. the closer the relationship the more intimate the conversation will be. In order to analyze a conversation, some technical features of the conversation and linguistics of the words used is necessary. Conversation is an important part of life; it communicates ideas, feelings, intentions and goals. The study of conversation tells about the creativity used in spoken language. The language has various features i.e, context, type, tone, subject, turn-taking, interruptions etc. A study of these features enables us to get an insight into the creativity employed in any piece of work (Maybin & Swann, 2006). Discussion The above transcript is the written script of a verbal conversation. Verbal communication is an act of conveying messages, ideas or feelings by vocal means; non verbal acts are also important part of this phenomenon. This communication is the main and ordinary way of communicating face to face. Apart from these important features other key components of verbal communication are words, sound, speaking, tone and language. By analyzing the technical features, language and creativity of the conversation can be analyzed in a systematic way. The people involved in a conversation unintentionally make use of creativity. This usage is also a very important part of the conversation as it tells about how good a person is at conversation and how good he/she makes use of vocabulary, turn-taking and switching. The written script of a dialogue above is between two people, the host and a person called Paul. The conversation is based on question and answers about a particular subject; as the conversation is in the form of interview; it is supposed to be less intimate and formal. To make a more deep analysis, it is necessary to examine other important features that this piece of written conversation carries. Context is a very important p art of the conversation (Carter, 2004); it is the situation that describes conversation. There