The Environmental Impact of Slash and Burn Agriculture

Slash and burn agriculture—also known as swidden or shifting agriculture—is a traditional method of tending domesticated crops that involves the rotation of several plots of land in a planting cycle. The farmer plants crops in a field for one or two seasons  and then lets the field lie fallow for several seasons. In the meantime, the farmer shifts to a field that has lain fallow for several years  and removes the vegetation by cutting it down and burning it—hence the name slash and burn. The ash from the burned vegetation adds another layer of nutrients to the soil, and that, along with the time resting, allows the soil to regenerate. The Best Conditions for Slash and Burn Agriculture Slash and burn agriculture  works best in low-intensity  farming situations when the farmer has plenty of land that he or she can afford to let lay fallow, and it works best when crops are rotated to assist in restoring the nutrients. It has also been documented in societies where people maintain a very broad diversity of food generation; that is, where people also hunt game, fish, and gather wild foods. Environmental Effects of Slash and Burn Since the 1970s or so, swidden agriculture has been described as both a bad practice, resulting in the progressive destruction of natural forests, and an excellent practice, as a refined method of forest preservation and guardianship. A recent study conducted on historical swidden agriculture in Indonesia (Henley 2011) documented the historical attitudes of scholars towards slash and burn and then tested the assumptions based on more than a century of slash and burn agriculture. Henley discovered that the reality is that swidden agriculture can add to deforestation of regions  if the maturing age of the removed trees is much longer than the fallow period used by the swidden agriculturalists. For example, if a swidden rotation is between 5 and 8 years, and the rainforest trees have a 200-700 year cultivation cycle, then slash and burn represents one of what may be several elements resulting in deforestation. Slash and burn is a useful technique in some environments, but not in all. A  special issue of Human Ecology  suggests that the creation of global markets is pushing farmers to replace their swidden plots with permanent fields. Alternatively, when farmers have access to off-farm income, swidden agriculture is maintained as a complement to food security (see Vliet et al. for a summary). Sources Blakeslee DJ. 1993. Modeling the abandonment of the Central Plains: Radiocarbon dates and the origin of the Initial Coalescent. Memoir 27, Plains Anthropologist 38(145):199-214. Drucker P, and Fox JW. 1982. Swidden didn make all that midden: The search for ancient Mayan agronomies. Journal of Anthropological Research 38(2):179-183. Emanuelsson M, and Segerstrom U. 2002. Medieval slash-and-burn cultivation: Strategic or adapted land use in the Swedish mining district? Environment and History 8:173-196. Grave P, and Kealhofer L. 1999. Assessing bioturbation in archaeological sediments using soil morphology and phytolith analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 26:1239-1248. Henley D. 2011. Swidden Farming as an Agent of Environmental Change: Ecological Myth and Historical Reality in Indonesia. Environment and History 17:525-554. Leach HM. 1999. Intensification in the Pacific: A critique of the archaeological criteria and their applications. Current Anthropology 40(3):311-339. Mertz, Ole. Swidden Change in Southeast Asia: Understanding Causes and Consequences. Human Ecology, Christine Padoch, Jefferson Fox, et al., Vol. 37, No. 3, JSTOR, June 2009. Nakai, Shinsuke. Analysis of Pig Consumption by Smallholders in a Hillside Swidden Agriculture Society of Northern Thailand. Human Ecology 37, ResearchGate, August 2009. Reyes-Garcà ­a, Victoria. Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Crop Diversity in Swidden Fields: A Study in a Native Amazonian Society. Vincent Vadez, Neus Martà ­ Sanz, Human Ecology 36, ResearchGate, August 2008. Scarry CM. 2008. Crop Husbandry Practices in North America’s Eastern Woodlands. In: Reitz EJ, Scudder SJ, and Scarry CM, editors. Case Studies in Environmental Archaeology: Springer New York. p 391-404.

Role of Women in the Odyssey - 1201 Words

The Role of Women in The Odyssey The Odyssey, by Homer, is an epic poem based on the story of an ancient Greek hero, Odysseus, and his twenty year journey—ten years spent fighting in the Trojan War and the other ten spent traveling home. In the poem, Homer presents the theme of the role and nature of women. Men were the dominant gender in ancient Greece, and women, who were inferior, were only valued for their beauty and their ability to reproduce. However, in this poem, Homer both exemplifies and defies those standards by presenting certain female characters with qualities that show the various stereotypes in ancient Greek society. Through several of the female characters, Homer portrays women in three different ways. The first type of†¦show more content†¦In contrast to all of these women, the most significant type of woman in ancient Greek society that is portrayed in the poem is the good, intelligent and faithful woman. Among the mortal women in the poem, a few wh o represent this type of woman are Queen Arete, Nausicaa, and Penelope. Queen Arete and Nausicaa are very helpful to Odysseus when he arrives to their land. Nausicaa finds him and guides him to find his way to Queen Arete and King Alcinous. Once he finds his way there, Queen Arete is very hospitable, and she helps him find his way home to Ithaca. Penelope, however, is the most significant female character in The Odyssey. Through her actions, she proves to be a very wise and clever woman. She continuously stays faithful to her husband for twenty years of his absence. Over the whole period of Odysseus’ absence, she leads the suitors on by devising plans to keep them there, continues to receive gifts, and gains wealth while she waits for her husband’s return. Even after his return, she is wise enough to be cautious and test him to be sure that he is really her husband. After this all occurs, she becomes famous for her wisdom, intelligence, and cleverness. When Agamemnon i s speaking to one of the suitors in the Land of the Dead, he says, â€Å"what a fine, faithful wife [Odysseus] won! What good sense resided in [his] Penelope—†¦The fame of her great virtue will never die. The immortal gods will lift a song for all mankind, a glorious song inShow MoreRelatedThe Odyssey : The Role Of Women In Homers Odyssey966 Words   |  4 Pagesinteractions. The Odyssey portrays what is right or wrong in relationships between god and mortal, father and son, and man and woman. In the epic poem, the role of women is a vital demonstration of Ancient Greece. The women in the epic are unique in their personality, motives, and relationships towards men. In Homers, The Odyssey, all women are different, but all of them help to represent the role of the ideal woman. Homers epic describes the world of women in Ancient Greece, a time where women were seenRead More The Role of Women in the Odyssey Essay1212 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of Women in The Odyssey Homer wrote the classic epic The Odyssey more than 2,500 years ago. At that time in ancient Greek society, as well as in the whole of the ancient world, the dominant role was played by men. Society was organized, directed, and controlled by men, and it was accepted that women occupied a subservient and inferior position. Women, of course, were valued, but were expected to possess certain traits and perform certain tasks that men demanded of them. Does Homers writingRead MoreEssay On The Role Of Women In The Odyssey739 Words   |  3 PagesImagine living at a time in which women were only seen as second-class or lesser beings. The Odyssey, by Homer, is an epic poem based on the story of an ancient Greek hero known as Odysseus. The Story follows his twenty-year journey, ten spent fighting the war, and the other ten spent getting home. Throughout the Poem, Homer presents the roles and nature of women. In The Odyssey, Greek society is controlled by men, while women face an entrenched so cietal expectation to be subservient and loyal withoutRead MoreCultural Role of Women in the Odyssey1025 Words   |  5 Pages   The cultural role of women in the Odyssey In Homer’s Odyssey the cultural relevance of a preferred woman’s role in society generally stands out in the roles of the female characters of Athena and Penelope simultaneously rejecting the negatively viewed characteristics of Calypso and Circe. The entire structure of Ancient Greek culture boasts its men in more superior roles than that of women. Greek society was largely built upon an idea that good women were only around to faithfully serve andRead MoreRole of Women in the Odyssey Essay1582 Words   |  7 Pagesmasculine point of view† (Ibsen). This saying also applied to the times of the Odyssey, an epic constructed by the blind, eight century B.C.E. poet, Homer. As one of the few representatives of ancient Greek social order, the blind, Homer witnessed women as substandard to men, regardless of their actions; many of them existed as seductresses, prostitutes, or slaves. He engraved into his poem women’s role s; the roles of women, as mothers, wives, seductresses, and goddesses are exemplified in this epicRead MoreThe Role Of Women In Homers Odyssey1165 Words   |  5 Pages The Role of Women In The Odyssey In literature, are women used as important roles or only used as love interests and for their beauty? This question has been around for a long time and there is still no clear answer. One literary example is the women characters in Homer’s The Odyssey- the ancient Greek epic of Odysseus and his journey home to Ithaka. When on his journey, Odysseus meets many women who are ultimately used as alluring characters to distract Odysseus on his journey home. ThroughoutRead More The Role of Women in Homers The Odyssey Essay695 Words   |  3 PagesThe Role of Women in Homers The Odyssey Women form an important part of the folk epic, written by Homer, The Odyssey. Within the story there are three basic types of women: the goddess, the seductress, and the good hostess/wife. Each role adds a different element and is essential to the telling of the story. The role of the goddess is one of a supernatural being, but more importantly one in a position to pity and help mortals. Athena, the goddess of wisdom,Read MoreRole of Women in the Odyssey Essay examples810 Words   |  4 PagesNatasha Castillo October 3, 2012 Role of Women in â€Å"The Odyssey† â€Å"The Odyssey† by Homer is an epic poem about Odysseus’ return to his wife and son in Ithica after the Trojan War. Women play an exceptionally large role in this epic poem. Odysseus’s son, Telemachus attempts to gain authority in the presence of the suitors but it is difficult. Especially once he goes on his own journey under the guidance of Athena. Throughout the epic poem however, the women play their roles as mothers, servants, seductressesRead More The Role of Men and Women in Homers The Odyssey 1173 Words   |  5 PagesWho is the ideal Greek man? It can be argued that through the illustration Homer weaves throughout the Odyssey, Odysseuss character traits cast a lens as a prime example of a man in ancient Greek society. He appears to be brave, intelligent, well-spoken, and clever. Much of his knowledge is discovered by his travels, absorbing the local culture around him and using it as a guide. Aristocratic and a warrior. Perhaps the best warrior of al l time. It is the Iliad which presents these attributes initiallyRead MoreThe Demeaning Role Of Women In Homers The Odyssey1280 Words   |  6 PagesThe Odyssey is one of two poems written by Homer describing the drama of the Trojan War, more specifically, the catastrophic journey of the hero Odysseus back home. Throughout the tales, female characters exhibit the many and diverse roles of Greek women, and also their significance in a world dominated by immortal beings.   Like countless others, the goddess Calypso’s beauty and elegance could be the cause of circumstances both good and evil. Calypso is remembered most for keeping Odysseus as a prisoner

Biography of Erik Estrada (Frank Essay Example For Students

Biography of Erik Estrada (Frank Essay Poncherello) Erik was born on March 16, 1949 as Henry Enrique Estrada in NY City. Back around 1968, he was in a dance troupe and earned $38 a week with free lunches and all the acting lessons he could take. In return, he had to perform daily in downtown Los Angeles. He had a 10-day hospital stay in August 1979 caused by on-set accident when he was thrown from his motorcycle and the 900-pound bike landed on him. At 510, 160 pounds, he was an inch shorter and 15 pounds lighter than Wilcox. But his physical fitness routine helped him rebound from his injury: 240 situps and 120 push ups on a daily basis. He is going through custody disputes about his two boys and he has a steady girl. Erik was voted as one of The 10 Sexiest Bachelors in the World in People Magazine on November 19, 1979. The cover features Erik towering above the other men (Willie Ames included) at the top of the page, cutting into the People sign, with nothing but a big smile and a towel lying across his shoulder. The ma gazine says, For all his raw physical appearance, Estrada regards himself as gentle, kind and considerate. He buys his dates jewelry and treats them to champagne and sushi evenings. But Estrada has grown cunning. In the past, women Ive dated always decided to be actresses. I was just a means to an end for them. So what does he really look for in a woman? The actor flashes a huge smile. TA Erik lives out in the San Fernando Valley. Hes up in the hills behind the Burbank airport and south of Universal Studios. His house is way at the top of this hill and its easy to spot. He did an interview on the Mexican Channel from some show called CONTROL and it shows you where Erik lives and the inside of his house. He has two CHiPs motorcycles (sans the engines) sitting in the middle of the house and old magazines with his picture on the cover (TV Guide, People) plastered all over the walls. He has really unusual wall paper (stripes ; polka dots) and a bunch of trinkets sitting around. He has a ll sorts of little gumball machines and slot machines sprinkled throughout his residence. The house wasnt too big, seemed like your average 4-5 bedroom track home actually. Starring Roles: Where is Parsifal? (?) The Repentant (?) Silver Circle (?) Vengeance of Little Saigon (?) Will You Run With Me? (?) The Ballad of Billie Blue (1971) The Cross and the Switchblade (1972) as Nicky The New Centurions (1972) Airport 1975 (1974) as Julio Trackdown (1976) as Chucho Midway (1976) (aka The Battle of Midway) Fire! (TV-1977) Frank CHiPs (TV-1977-83) Officer Frank Ponch Poncherello The Line (1980) The Lost Idol (1980) Jailbreakin (1980) Shock Troop (1980) The Bronx, Fort Apache (1981) Honeyboy (TV-1982) Lightblast (1985) Hour of the Assassin (1987) The Dirty Dozen: The Fatal Mission (TV-1988) as Carmine DAgostino She Knows Too Much (TV-1989) as Jimmy Alvarez Alien Seed (1989) Andy and the Airwave Rangers (1989) Twisted Justice (1990) as Commander Gage Spirits (1990) A Show of Force (1990) as Machado Night of the Wilding (1990) as Joseph Guns (1990) Caged Fury (1990) The Last Riders (1991) as Johnny Extralarge: Cannonball (TV-1991) as Gonzales Earth Angel (TV-1991) as Duke Do or Die (1991) aka Girls, Games and Guns as Richard Estaban The Divine Enforcer (1991) Dos Mujeres, Un Camino (Two Women, One Road) (Mexican Univision Network 1993-94) National Lampoons Loaded Weapon 1 (1993) as Erik with Larry Wilcox Angel Eyes (1993) as Johnny The Final Goal (1994) American Adventurer (TV-1996) Host Fight Zone (Pay-Per-View 7/5/1996) Host Visions (Completed) Guest Appearances: Hawaii-Five-0 (TV-1973) Engaged to Be Buried Owen Marshall, Counseler At Law (TV-1973) Once A Lion Kolchak, The Night Stalker (TV-1975) Legacy of Terror Medical Center (TV-1975) The High Cost of Winning Police Woman (TV-1975) Dont Feed the Pigeons The Love Boat (TV-1978) Going By the Book The Six Million Dollar Man (TV-19) The Deadly Test The Mike Douglas Show (TV-1980) Women Who Rate A 10 (TV-1981) Alfred H itchcock Presents (TV-1988) A Taco Bell commercial (TV-19) Excuse me maamdo you have a license for that taco? Cybil (CBS-1995) The Nanny (NBC-1994 or 95) as himself Burkes Law (TV-1994 or 95) Music City Tonight (TV-1995) as himselfsitting next to Robert Conrad Psychic Revival Network (TV-199?) Hunter City of Passion (TV-199?) Mysteries Magic and Miracles (Sci-Fi-1996) High Society (CBS-1996) Alice Doesnt Pump Here Anymore as Pedro the Doorman Late Night with Conan OBrien (NBC-5/1/97) guest Home Boys in Outer Space (UPN-5/6/97) Good Morning America (ABC-5/7/97) guest The Carol Marilyn Show (TV-5/7/97) guest Politically Incorrect (ABC-5/12/97) guest Viva Variety (Comedy Central-5/13/97) as his mother Talk Soup (E!-5/23/97) guest The Rosie ODonnell Show (TV-5/27(28?)/97) guest The Daily Show (Comedy Central-1997) guest Charles Grodin (CNBC-1997) guest Geraldo (TV-1997) guest Published Works: Erik Estrada: My Road from Harlem to Hollywood; Â ©1997 Transcripts: Read a transcript of Eri ks 4/30/97 chat on AOL Read a transcript of Eriks 5/2/97 chat on MSN Although Erik does not have a public e-mail address, you can contact him at the address he supplied in the AOL chat: Erik Estrada 11288 Ventura Blvd. Studio City, CA 91604 .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 , .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 .postImageUrl , .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 , .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36:hover , .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36:visited , .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36:active { border:0!important; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36:active , .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36 .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf4ebc1c11a4d5e8481a503efaa7bab36:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: All Things Are Subject to Love: Pride Versus Love Essay

Statistical Sampling and Risk Analysis Function †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Statistical Sampling and Risk Analysis Function. Answer: Introduction: Audit is an independent examination of the books of accounts of an entity conducted by the auditors with the view to express an opinion on the financial statements whether they are prepared on an unbiased and true basis and whether they can be relied upon to take the critical and significant business and financial statements. It gives reasonable assurance to the users of the financial statements, both internal and external, including government, shareholders, banks, financial institutions, creditors, etc. to help them take decision on their investments. The regulation on audit on the entities has increased over time by ACCA and other regulatory bodies. There has been many guidances being issued by the IFRS committee for recording the transaction and maintenance of the books which needs to be verified by the auditors while conducting the audit of the entity. The requirements of audit do not end here and audited report is required in the stock exchanges in which the companys shares are listed. To conduct an audit, the auditor 1st needs to understand the business and it environment, the industry in which it is operating, the government regulation, other economic and political factor, if any, affecting the business and several other micro and macro economic factors to give a proper audit report. Auditors also need to validate and comment upon the estimates and management judgements being taken upon in preparation of the accounts such that they are viable(Raiborn, Butler Martin 2016). They also need to check on the materiality, going concern assumption and whether or not the basic concept of consistency has been followed or not. With all this objectives in mind, the auditor audits the books of accounts using substantive and analytical audit procedures. Substantive audit procedures include vouching of the incomes and expenses recorded in the books falling above the materiality level for whether they actually exist or not, whether they have been completely recorded, reconciling the same from the supporting evidences in the form of vouchers, bills, invoices, etc. Substantive procedures are usually given effect to using inspection of records, observation of processes and procedures being followed, taking external confirmations from the parties dealing with the business or company like debtors, creditors, banks, etc., verifying the related party transactions, etc. They also check the arithmetical accuracy in some cases to check whether this has been taken care of or not. Besides all this, a check is also made on the assets and liabilities recorded in the books for their actual existence and reporting to check substance over form(Knechel Salterio 2016). Once all this is given effect to and still the auditor is not able to express his / her opinion, then he/she resorts to the analytical audit procedures, which include ratio analysis of certain specific ratios, comparison of the actual from the budgeted and expected figures, trend analysis with respect to the industry and the past period, etc. Before further steps, the auditor generally checks on the level of internal control being maintained in the entity before making further audit plan and determining the nature, extent of checking and time of audit procedures to be undertaken. If the internal control is strong, it implies less risk, and therefore less of routine checking can be done on the other hand, if the internal control itself is weak, the risk of material misstatements rises and in such a case the auditor needs to increase the extent of checking(Jones 2017). In the given case, a printing press is to be audited and the new auditor is taking over from the old one. Besides this, as per the records, the company has had several accounting changes having huge bearing on the results like changes in the depreciation policy, a loan being taken with some conditions, the management being changed at the top level and the new IT system being introduced without any proper checking and back up. All these financial and non-financial data asks for an audit, which can justify the accounts prepared and point out the material misstatements, if any to the management. For this, a detailed ratio analysis has been shown below from the perspective of debt management, liquidity, asset management and profitability. Furthermore, industry ratios are missing and hence the same has been ignored in workings(Grenier 2017). Risk assessment and analysis is an important part of auditing. It is important for the auditor to apply all kinds of procedures to identify all the probable risk factors. There are generally three types of risk associated with an audit, inherent risk, control risk and detection risk. Inherent risk occurs when things are not in the hands of the management even after applying all the possible control measures. Control risk occurs when the management fail to ascertain proper control level in the organisation and detection risk occurs in situation where the auditor fails on his part to detect the major risks and errors(Fay Negangard 2017). The main implication of the same is that it is the duty of the auditor to make sure that proper judgement is established on his part. In case of DIPL, there are two cases of inherent risk and the same has been explained here under First case is where the management is considering changing the methods of valuation and adopting new procedures that are deviation from the normal routine matters. In these cases, it becomes difficult for the auditor to ascertain the proper trail of work. The CEO of the company wants to change the method of calculation of depreciation by taking the life of asset to be twenty years, whereas as per the industry standards the life must be thirty years. Therefore, this is a deviation from the normal procedures and the company has taken no research before applying them. The second case is the installation of the new It system without proper research, oat may be possible that it leads to overvaluation of the accounts. The new system has been installed without any reconciliation; any research, and in case it fails it might affect the overall profitability of the company. Thus, it is important for the auditor of the company, to make sure that the management is providing proper disclosure for any kind of changes they are incorporating(Sonu, Ahn Choi 2017).The results after implementation must also be monitored so that any case of misevaluation may be ascertained. This in these areas there are no proper control by the management and thus leads to inherent risk on part of the company The management should provide the auditor with all the proper details that might be needed. The auditor must do its own research before commenting on the validation of the new IT system. It is important that expert opinion must be taken before such changes are made. Strong control measures should also be incorporated, so that risk is reduced. These are the few ways by which risk can be identified and mitigated(Bae 2017). Fraud occurs when the management or the employee of the company indulges in certain activities for their own personal gains that are harmful for the working of the organisation. It occurs when the internal controls are not strong which gives the employees to do such activities. Often the management might be the culprit, the auditor should not rely on what the management portrays and should apply his own research techniques before reaching a conclusion In case of DIPL, and there are two cases where we see that fraud risk factor is present. First case is in the non-segregation of important work, which gives the employees a chance to easily defalcate the money. In case of DIPL, a single person has been given the responsibility to manage the accounts and reconcile the same. This shows that the management of the company is lacking proper internal control measures. The auditor should make sure that the work is properly segregated between the employees, proper authority must be established and in any case the employees indulges in any kind of fraud they must be penalised. The second case of fraud is the installation of the new It system by the management. The management has undertaken the same in allot of haste. It has not applied any research before doing the same. There are high chances that personal motives of the magemnt might be involved in the same. In this case, we see that before installation of the system no reconciliation of the cost and the result was done, it may be possible that the new system fails. This will a ffect the overall profitability of the company. In all cases the management should make sure that, the accounts are not under or overvalued. In any case, the auditor finds that there are certain fraud risk factors involved, the auditor can question the management and then can modify the audit report. . Expert opinion of the outsiders must be taken in case of the same. Thus, it is important that the auditor must see that proper records must be checked in relation to the new system .The main job here is to make sure that the books of account shows the true state of affairs and any kind of fraud risk factors must be identified and must be eliminated. In these few ways, the auditor can help I identification and mitigation of the overall fraud risk factors that might be associated with the company. It is the duty of the auditor and the management to make sure that suppose visits and timely checking of the accounts are done to keep a check on the sincerity of the employees. In addition, t he management must establish proper controls. All these will help in mitigation of the major fraud risk factors in the company and support the auditor in conducting his audit properly(DeZoort Harrison 2016). References Bae, SH 2017, 'The Association Between Corporate Tax Avoidance And Audit Efforts: Evidence From Korea', Journal of Applied Business Research, vol 33, no. 1, pp. 153-172. DeZoort, FT Harrison, PD 2016, 'Understanding Auditors sense of Responsibility for detecting fraud within organization', Journal of Business Ethics, pp. 1-18. Fay, R Negangard, EM 2017, 'Manual journal entry testing : Data analytics and the risk of fraud', Journal of Accounting Education, vol 38, pp. 37-49. Grenier, J 2017, 'Encouraging Professional Skepticism in the Industry Specialization Era', Journal of Business Ethics, vol 142, no. 2, pp. 241-256. Jones, P 2017, Statistical Sampling and Risk Analysis in Auditing, Routledge, NY. Knechel, WB Salterio, SE 2016, Auditing:Assurance and Risk, 4th edn, Routledge, New York. Raiborn, C, Butler, JB Martin, K 2016, 'The internal audit function: A prerequisite for Good Governance', Journal of Corporate Accounting and Finance, vol 28, no. 2, pp. 10-21. Sonu, CH, Ahn, H Choi, A 2017, 'Audit fee pressure and audit risk: evidence from the financial crisis of 2008', Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting Economics , vol 24, no. 1-2, pp. 127-144.